Types Of Viral Diseases

Categorizing virus infections using the organ system that is affected most frequently (eg. As lungs, GI tract, skin, liver, central nervous system, mucous membranes) may be clinically useful, although certain viral diseases (eg. As mumps) hard are to be categorized. Many specific viruses and the diseases they cause are discussed elsewhere in the MSD Manual. Respiratory infections The most common viral infections are likely nonspecific respiratory infections ( “URI”). Respiratory infections cause more severe symptoms in young children, the elderly and patients lead with lung or heart disease. Respiratory viruses include the epidemic influenza viruses (A and B), H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, adenoviruses, “Respiratory Syncytial Virus” A and B, human metapneumovirus, and rhinoviruses (s. Some respiratory viruses and Professional. heading on page respiratory viruses). In 2012, a new coronavirus MERS-CoV emerged (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)), in Kuwait; it can lead to severe acute respiratory disease and is sometimes fatal. Respiratory viruses are usually spread from person to person by droplet infection. Some respiratory viruses main Syndrome prevalence and distribution of specific therapy Specific prevention * Epidemic influenza viruses A, B and C and avian influenza viruses Influenza Acute febrile respiratory diseases Acute bronchitis and pneumonia Krupp A and B: epidemic, occasionally pandemic C: endemic Global A and B: oseltamivir or zanamivir A and B vaccine, oseltamivir or zanamivir H5N1 bird flu and H7N9 bird flu: poultry associated oseltamivir avoid contact with birds parainfluenza viruses 1-4 Acute febrile respiratory illnesses (children) Acute bronchitis and pneumonia Krupp 1: Local epidemics 1, 2, and 3: Widespread in children No vaccines Acute in clinical development adenoviruses febrile respiratory illnesses (children) Acute Respiratori MOORISH distress syndrome in adults (ARDS): Acute pharyngokonjunktivales fever Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis Viral pneumonia Acute follicular conjunctivitis diarrhea hemorrhagic cystitis Global Mostly Children vaccine that the types of epidemics among soldiers that contain 4 and 7 Respiratory-syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus disorders lower respiratory tract (infants) Light diseases of the upper respiratory tract (adults) Widespread among children In immunocompromised patients is sometimes used ribavirin. Palivizumab monthly † (for certain infants at high risk for RSV infection) rhinoviruses flu infection Acute rhinitis with or without fever universal, especially during the cold months None None * Non-specific precautions (eg. As avoidance of infected patients as well as insect vectors and animal exchangers, routine hygiene measures) are also recommended. † Unlike RSV-IVIG, palivizumab does not affect the immunogenicity of other active vaccination (for. Example, MMR, chickenpox). AFRD = acute febrile respiratory diseases; IVIG = i.v. immunoglobulin; MMR = measles, mumps and rubella; RSV = respiratory Synzytialviren. A gastrointestinal infections gastroenteritis is usually caused by viruses (gastroenteritis) and spread from person to person via the lfäkal-oral route of infection. The age group mostly affected depends on the virus: Rotavirus: Children Norovirus: Older children and adults astrovirus: Usually infants and young children adenovirus 40 and 41: Toddlers Corona virus-like pathogens: Toddlers Local epidemics may occur among children, especially during the colder months. The main symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea. There is no specific treatment recommended, but supportive measures, including rehydration, are important. A rotavirus vaccine that is effective against most pathogenic strains, is part of the recommended vaccination schedule for infants (see Table: Recommended vaccination schedule for the age of 0-6 years). Hand washing and good sanitation measures can help stem an outbreak. Exanthematous infections Some viruses only cause skin lesions (such as Molluscum contagiosum and warts skin infections caused by viruses); Another cause systemic manifestations or lesions on other parts of the body (s. Some exanthematous viruses). The transmission is usually from person to person; alphaviruses have a mosquito as a vector. Some viruses exanthematous main Syndrome prevalence and distribution of specific therapy Specific prevention * Rubulavirus measles encephalomyelitis CNS involvement (rare) Global incidence is increasing due to the vaccine from No vaccinations rubella virus rubella aufgru birth defects nd of infection during pregnancy Universal No vaccinations Human Parvovirus B19 Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) rash, malaise, arthritis fetal hydrops (infection during pregnancy) anemia (in immunocompromised hosts or patients with hemoglobinopathies) Sporadic outbreaks ivIgG (for severe anemia) No human herpes virus type 6 in roseola fandom (Exanthema Subitum) Widely Applies small children None varicella-zoster virus Chickenpox Before vaccination in almost all children and occasionally in adults acyclovir, famciclovir, valaciclovir immunoglobulins, vaccines zoster widespread in adults by reactivation of latent virus infection acyclovir, famciclovir valaciclovir vaccine Variola smallpox Natural disease eradicated cidofovir † smallpox vaccine up to 4 days after exposure vaccine cidofovir † alphaviruses (some) Chikungunya disease (acute febrile disease that is associated with rheumatoid similar soft tissue pain: = chikungunya [Swahili] “the diffracted man”) transmission by Aedes mosquitoes Africa, Southeast Asia, India, Europe No No Mayaro disease (a dengue-like illness) caused by mosquitoes South America, Trinidad None poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus) Molluscum contagiosum papules genital (adults) Exposed skin (children, especially atopic) Fatal (AIDS patients) cryotherapy, curettage none * Non-specific precautions (eg. B. Prevention of infected patients and insect vectors and animal exchangers, routine hygiene measures) are also recommended. † Based on animal studies. IVIG = iv Immunoglobulin. Liver infections least 5 specific viruses (Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses) can cause hepatitis, each virus causes a certain type of hepatitis (s. Viral hepatitis and hepatitis). A hepatitis D virus can infect only with existing hepatitis B. The transmission takes place from person to person by contact with infected blood or body secretions or by the oral-fecal route of infection with hepatitis A and E. Other viruses may affect the liver as part of their disease progression. Common examples are cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and yellow fever. Less common examples are echovirus, coxsackievirus and herpes simplex, measles, rubella and varicella. Viral Hepatitis Main Syndrome prevalence and distribution of specific therapy Specific prevention * Hepatitis A (acute) spread wide, often epidemic No ?-globulin, vaccine Hepatitis B (acute and chronic) Widely used interferon, other antiviral drugs, including nucleoside analogues (eg. As entecavir ) and nucleotide analogues (eg. as tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) Screening for hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine, ?- or hyperimmune globulin Hepatitis C (acute and chronic) Widely used interferon, ribavirin, other Virstatika (polymerase inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, NS3 inhibitors) Screening for Hepatitis C Hepatitis D (delta) Endemic nests in several countries Parenteral drug users with relatively high risk can infect interferon No hepatitis e outbreaks development only with existing hepatitis B sländer Ernst during pregnancy No vaccine (not available in the US) * Non-specific precautions (eg. B. avoid bodily fluids of infected patients, aseptic precautions, routine hygiene measures) are also recommended. Neurological infections Most cases of encephalitis are caused by viruses (s. Some neurological viruses and infections of the brain). Many of these viruses are transmitted to humans by blood-sucking arthropods, mainly by mosquitoes and ticks (arboviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses); these viruses are arboviruses called (arthropod-borne viruses). These infections avoiding mosquito and tick bites is part of the prevention. Some neurological virus main Syndrome prevalence and distribution of specific therapy Specific prevention * poliovirus Poliomyelitis (acute flaccid paralysis) Aseptic meningitis Global incidence now because of the vaccine low No vaccines: live (oral), dead (injected) Alpha viruses (some), transmitted by mosquitoes Western equine encephalitis Americas None None Eastern equine encephalitis Americas No, it is only a vaccine to protect horses available Venezuelan equine encephalitis Gulf States to South America No vaccine is available only for horses available to develop a vaccine for at-risk laboratory workers Flaviviruses (some), Japanese encephalitis transmitted by mosquitoes Southeast Asia, Japan, Korea, China, India, Philippines, eastern former Soviet Union No vaccine Murray Valley encephalitis in Australia, New Guinea None None Saint Louis encephalitis Americas None West Nile virus encephalitis Africa, Middle East, South of France, former Soviet Union, India, Indonesia, USA No screening of blood and blood products to the virus flaviviruses (some), transmitted by ticks Powassan encephalitis Canada, the northeastern United States Nil Nil By tick-borne encephalitis Central and Eastern Europe, Balkan, the former Soviet Union bursts that coincide with periods of activity ticks No vaccine in Europe and Russia available Bunya (some), mosquito-borne California encephalitis and related species (eg. B. La Cross encephalitis) Widespread Probably worldwide in the Midwest and Eastern US Symptomatic infection, especially in children None Arena viruses (some) lymphocytic choriomeningitis US, Europe, and possibly elsewhere Haupteservoir: House Mouse Especially in adults in the fall and winter No no rabies virus rabies (rabies) World No vaccine Postexpositionell: rabies immunoglobulin and active immunization (combined) * Non-specific precautions (eg. B. avoid contaminated food and water and insect vectors and animal exchangers, routine hygiene measures) are also recommended. Hemorrhagic fever Certain viruses cause fever and bleeding tendencies (s. Some viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and arboviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses). The transmission may include mosquitoes, ticks, or contact with infected animals (eg. As rodents, monkeys, bats) and humans. For prevention is the prevention of the transmission paths. Some viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever Hauptyndrome distribution Specific therapy Specific prevention * flaviviruses (some) Omsk hemorrhagic fever Former Soviet Union (Siberia) None None Kyasanur forest disease India None None Yellow fever Africa, Central and South America No vaccine for travelers to endemic areas and populations that are experiencing an outbreak dengue tropics and subtropics, world No No Bunya (some) Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Hantaan, Puumala, Dobrava (Belgrade) or Seoul virus caused North Asia, Europe, southwest Riba Virin No filoviruses Victoria marburg virus disease Africa No No Sudan Ebola virus disease Africa, Sumatra None Bundibugyo Ebola virus disease Uganda No No Zaire Ebola virus disease Zaire None Reston-Ebola virus disease Philippines None Arena viruses (some) Lassa fever Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (due Machupo virus) Argentine hemorrhagic fever (due Junin virus) Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (due Guanarito virus) Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (due Sabia virus) South America, Africa (only Lassa fever) ribavirin Re konvaleszenzplasma in all but Lassa fever vaccine for Argentine hemorrhagic fever in the development Lujo virus disease Zambia None Nairo virus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Former Soviet Union, western Pakistan, Africa, Asia, Middle East, Eastern Europe Ribavirin may Rekonvaleszentenzplasma vaccines available in Eastern Europe * Non-specific precautions (eg. B. Prevention of transmission paths, routine hygiene measures) are also recommended. Skin or mucosal infections Some viruses cause skin or mucous membrane lesions that recur and can become chronic (s. Some viruses that recurring or chronic skin or mucosal lesions cause). Mucocutaneous infections are the most common type of herpes simplex virus infection (herpes simplex virus infection (HSV)). Human papilloma virus caused wart (warts); anogenital cause some subtypes and oropharyngeal cancer (genital warts and cervical cancer). Transmission occurs by contact from person to person. Some viruses that recurring or chronic skin or mucosal lesions cause major syndromes prevalence Specific therapy Specific prevention * Herpes simplex virus herpes labialis Herpetic gingivostomatitis dermatitis keratoconjunctivitis encephalitis vaginitis Neonatal disseminated disease labial / perioral: recurrent, almost universally Gingivostomatitis: More common in infants and children acyclovir, famciclovir, valaciclovir, penciclovir Neonatal infection: treatment of maternal infection; Suppressive therapy starting in the 36th week of pregnancy, when the patients have a history of a recurrent HSV; Caesarean section if lesions or prodromal symptoms are present at birth Human papillomavirus warts (verruca) genital warts cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer Universal Widespread, often recurring cryotherapy, interferon (genital possible), podophyllin (genital), imiquimod vaccine against the currently up to 4 subtypes of HPV that are most often associated with cancer and genital warts condoms * Non-specific precautions (eg. as routine hygiene measures, safe sex practices) are also recommended. Multisystemic disease enteroviruses, including Coxsackie and ECHO viruses (enteroviruses) may cause various multisystem syndromes, as well as cytomegalovirus (s. Some viruses that cause multisystemic disease and cytomegalovirus (CMV)). Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route. Some viruses that cause disease multisystemic main syndromes distribution and prevalence Specific therapy Specific prevention *