Overview Of Infections By Arbovirus, Arena Virus And Filovirus

Arbovirus (carried by arthropods virus) refers to any virus that is transmitted by certain species of blood-sucking arthropods to humans and / or other vertebrates, in particular insects (flies and mosquitoes) and arachnids (ticks). Arboviruses are otherwise completely heterogeneous and thus not part of the current virus classification system based on the nature and the structure of the viral genome. To the families in the current classification system, which include some arbovirus members include Bunyaviridae (include the Bunya, phleboviruses, nairoviruses and hantaviruses) Flaviviridae (include flaviviruses) Reoviridae (include Coltiviren and Orbi viruses) Togaviridae (include the alphaviruses) Tips and risks arbovirus is not a family of viruses; the term means only that a virus transmitted by certain species of arthropod-borne virus wirdARthropod). Members of many different virus families can be arboviruses. Most viruses that are associated with hemorrhagic fever are classified in families Arenaviridae and Filoviridae. However, some flaviviruses (yellow fever, dengue virus), some Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and hantaviruses) may be associated with hemorrhagic symptoms. There are> 250 arboviruses, and these occur worldwide; at least 80 of which cause diseases in humans. Often, birds are a natural reservoir of arboviruses, which are transmitted via mosquitoes to horses, other pets and humans. To the other reservoirs for arboviruses arthropods and vertebrates (often rodents., Monkeys and humans) are. However, these viruses spread can also occur directly from nihctmenschlichen reservoir from the people, a transfer from person to person. Most arboviral diseases are not transmissible by humans, perhaps because the typical viremia not sufficient to infect the arthropod vectors. Exceptions include dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus infection and Chikungunya disease that can be transmitted from person to person via mosquitoes. Also the Zika virus can be transmitted to their sexual partners during sexual activity of infected symptomatic or asymptomatic men to their sexual partner (male or female) or from infected women. Some infections (eg, West Nile virus infection, Colorado tick fever, dengue;. Zikavirus theoretically) have been spread through blood transfusion or organ donation. The Arenaviridae include lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa fever virus, Mopeia virus, Tacaribe virus, Junin virus, the virus and the Lujo Guaroa virus; all are transmitted by rodents and are therefore not arboviruses. Lassa fever can be transmitted from person to person. The Filoviridae consist of 2 genera: Ebola virus (consisting of 5 species) and Marburg virus (consisting of 2 species). The specific vectors of these viruses have not been confirmed, but flying foxes are the main candidates; thus Filoviridae are not arboviruses. The human-to-human transmission of the Ebola virus and Marburg virus occurs easily. Many of these infections are asymptomatic. They are symptomatic, they usually start with a slight non-specific flu-like illness that can develop into one of a few syndromes (see table: diseases caused by arboviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses). These syndromes include lymphadenopathy, rashes, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, joint pain, arthritis and pulmonary edema caused nichtkardial. Many cause fever and bleeding tendencies (hemorrhagic fever). Decreased synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, disseminated intravascular coagulation and platelet abnormal functions contribute to bleeding. For the clinical laboratory diagnosis is usually a viral culture, PCR, electron microscopy and, if available, carried out methods for antigen and antibody detection. Diseases caused by arboviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses Different symptoms Triggering virus or disease family vector Main Distribution * fever, malaise, headache, muscle pain Additional symptoms: No Colorado tick fever Reoviridae (Coltivirus) tick Dermacentor sp western United States, western Canada Phlebotomus fever Bunyaviridae (Phlebovirus) sandflies Phlebotomus sp Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, China, East Africa, Panama, Brazil Venezuelan equine encephalitis Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquito Culex sp Argentina, Brazil, northern South America, Panama, Mexico, Florida Rift Valley fever † Bunyaviridae (Phlebovirus) mosquitoes Several species of South Africa, East Africa, Egypt Rash Dengue fever Flaviviridae mosquitoes Aedes sp Southeast Asia, West Africa, Oceania, Australia, South America, Mexico, Caribbean, USA Zika virus Flaviviridae mosquitoes Aedes sp Central and South America and the Caribbean West Nile fever ‡ Flaviviridae mosquito Culex sp Africa, Middle East , southern France, Russia, India, Indonesia, USA Arthralgia, rash Chikungunya disease Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquitoes Aedes sp Africa, India, Guam, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, limited areas of Europe Mayaro virus Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquitoes Haemagogus sp Brazil, Bolivia, Trinidad Ross River Virus Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquitoes Aedes sp Australia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Cook Islands Barmah Forest virus Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquitoes Aedes sp Australia Sindbis virus disease (Ockelbo’sche’s disease, Karelian fever) Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquito Culex sp Africa, Australia, the former Soviet Union, Finland, Sweden Hemorrhagic Zeichen§ yellow fever Flaviviridae mosquitoes, Aedes spp Central and South America, Africa Dengue hemorrhagic fever Flaviviridae mosquitoes Aedes sp Southeast Asia, West Africa, Oceania, Caribbean Kyasanur forest disease Flaviviridae ticks Haemaphysalis sp India Omsk hemorrhagic fever Flaviviridae ticks Dermacentor spp Russia Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Bunyaviridae (Nairovirus) Ticks Hyalomma sp Africa, South and Eastern Europe, India, China, Middle East, former Soviet Union Hanta virus Bunyaviridae (hantavirus) rodents Korea, Japan, China, Southeast Asia, Europe Seoul virus Bunyaviridae (hantavirus) rodents Korea, Japan, Europe Puumala virus (epidemic nephropathy) Bunyaviridae (hantavirus) rodent Scandinavia, former Sowjetunio n Machupo virus Arenaviridae rodents Bolivia Junin virus Arenaviridae rodents Argentina Guanarito virus Arenaviridae rodents Venezuela Lassa fever virus Arenaviridae rodents mastomys sp West Africa Lujo virus Arenaviridae Unknown Zambia Marburg virus Filoviridae person to person Monkey bat Zimbabwe, Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa Ebola virus Filoviridae person to person Monkey bat Zaire, Sudan Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ivory coast, Uganda Nichtkardial pulmonary edema hantavirus: Sin Nombre, Black Creek Canal, Bayou, New York 1, Rio Mamore Bunyaviridae (hantavirus) rodents USA (west of the Mississippi), Canada, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina High fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS ) SFTS virus Bunyaviridae ticks China, Korea, Japan fever and CNS involvement Eastern equine encephalitis Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquito Culex sp Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA, the Caribbean, New York (except NY-City), Western Michigan Western equine encephalitis Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquitoes USA, Canada, Central and South America West Nile virus Flaviviridae mosquitoes Culex sp Africa, Middle East, South of France, former Soviet Union, India, Indonesia, USA St. Louis encephalitis Flaviviridae mosquito Culex sp USA, Caribbean Venezuelan equine encephalitis Togaviridae (alphavirus) mosquito Culex sp Argentina, Brazil, northern South America, Panama, Mexico, Florida La Crosse encephalitis Bunyaviridae mosquitoes Aedes spp Northern, central USA, New York (except NY-City ) Japanese encephalitis Flaviviridae Mosquitoes Culex sp Japan, Korea, China, India, the Philippines, Southeast Asia, Russia Powassan virus Flaviviridae ticks eastern Canada, New York Murray Valley encephalitis Flaviviridae mosquito Culex sp Australia, New Guinea Kyasanur forest disease Flaviviridae ticks India Tick-borne encephalitis Flaviviridae ticks Haemaphysalis sp Europe, the Balkans, Russia lymphocytic choriomeningitis rodents Arenaviridae organ transplantation Germany, Balkans, USA, Argentina * changes in weather conditions can affect by extension or contraction of the habitats of their vectors, the geographic reach of arboviruses. † Rift Valley fever also causes bleeding, encephalitis and eye disease. ‡ West Nile virus encephalitis also caused. §Seoul-, Puumala, Dobrava and Hantaan hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Supportive therapy treatment Sometimes ribavirin therapy of most of these diseases is purely supportive possible. In hemorrhagic fever caused by bleeding Vitamin be (vitamin K1) may require K substitution. Also a transfusion of packed red cells or fresh frozen plasma may be required. Aspirin and other NSAIDs are contraindicated due to the antiplatelet activity. The following is recommended with hemorrhagic fever, that was caused by Arenaviruses or Bunyaviruses, including Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Ribavirin 30 mg / kg i.v. (Maximum 2 g) initial dose, followed by 16 mg / kg i.v. (Maximum 1 g / dose) every 6 hours for 4 days, then 8 mg / kg i.v. (Maximum 500 mg / dose) every 8 h for 6 days. Dosing in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) therapy. The antiviral treatment of other syndromes has not been studied adequately. Ribavirin was not effective in animal models of Filovirus- and flavivirus infections. Prevention Vector control Sometimes vaccination is the large number and variety of arboviruses that it is often easier and cheaper to control arbovirus infections caused by the destruction of their arthropod vectors, prevention of bites and elimination of breeding grounds that the development of specific vaccines or medications. Vector control diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks, can be prevented by following times: Wearing clothes that are as much as possible covered the body with insect repellent (. Eg DEET [Diethyltoluamid]) minimizing the likelihood of exposure to the insect (eg in the case of mosquitoes, limiting the time outdoors in wet areas; in ticks, tick bite prevention.) diseases which are transmitted through excrement of rodents can be prevented by: closing bodies which a potential entry for rodents in the houses and be nearby buildings can. Rodents do not allow access to food, the elimination of possible nesting sites around the house, the “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (CDC) indicate the work in areas with potential exposure to rodent excreta out recommendations for cleaning after Nagerbefallund. Because the transfer of filoviruses, the Ebola virus and Marburg virus occurs mainly from person to person, requires the prevention of their spread strict quarantine and Isolationsmaßnahmen.Impfungen Currently there are only against the yellow fever virus and Japanese encephalitis virus of effective vaccines. Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis are available in Europe, Russia and China. A vaccine for dengue fever has been approved in several countries outside the United States, but the efficacy is only moderate and varies depending on the serotype and age of the patient; Studies are under way.