Mineral Overview

Man needs six macro minerals in gram quantities. Four cations: Na, K, Ca and Mg Two accompanying anions: Cl and P The daily requirement ranges from 0.3-2.0 g. Bones, muscles, heart and brain function are dependent on these minerals. The human being needs nine trace minerals (micro minerals) in minutest quantities: Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc Ernährungsrichtlinienfür trace minerals have been defined. All trace minerals are toxic in large quantities; some minerals such as arsenic, nickel and chromium are carcinogenic. Mineral deficiencies, with the exception of iodine, iron and zinc develop in adults with normal diets rarely spontaneous. Infants are more vulnerable because they grow fast and their mineral intake is not uniform. An unbalanced balance of trace elements is either hereditary (z. B. hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease) or caused by hemodialysis, parenteral nutrition or strict diets, patients are prescribed with inborn errors of metabolism. Trace minerals nutrient main sources functions effects of deficiency and intoxication chrome liver, meat and sausage products, whole grains, nuts promoting glucose tolerance deficiency: possibly impaired glucose tolerance copper giblets, shellfish, nuts, legumes, dried fruits, whole grains, peas, cocoa, mushrooms, tomatoes enzyme component, hematopoiesis, bone formation Deficiency: Anemia in malnourished children, Menkes disease (kinky hair syndrome) intoxication: Wilson’s disease, copper poisoning fluoride seafood, tea, fluoride-containing water (sodium fluoride 1.0-2.0 ppm) bone and tooth formation deficiency: susceptibility to caries, osteoporosis may intoxication : fluorosis, mottling and pitting of the permanent teeth, exostosis the spine iodine seafood, iodized salt, eggs, cheese, water (different content) thyroxine (T4) and Trijodthyronin- (T3) synthesis, lack of development of the fetus: Simple (Colloid, endemic) goiter, cretinism, deaf-mutism, disturbance of fetal growth and brain development intoxication: hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism iron Many food (except dairy products): soy flour, beef, kidney, liver, fish, poultry, beans, mussels, molasses, enriched grains and cereals (different bioavailability in vegetable sources) hemoglobin and Myoglobinbildung, Cytochromenzyme, iron-sulfur proteins deficiency anemia, Pikazismus, glossitis, cheilosis angularis intoxication: hemochromatosis, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, skin pigmentation manganese whole grains, pineapple, nuts, tea , beans, tomato paste Healthy bone structure element manganese specific enzymes: glycosyltransferases, phosphoenolpyruvate, manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency: existence questionable intoxication: neurological symptoms similar to those of Parkinson’s disease or Wilson’s disease molybdenum milk, legumes, whole grain breads and cereals, dark green vegetables component of the coenzyme for sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase, a deficiency: tachycardia, headache, nausea, impaired consciousness (Sulfittoxizität) selenium meat, fish, nuts, plant-based foods (selenium content varies na ch soil concentration) component of glutathione peroxidase and Schilddrüsenhormoniodinase deficiency: Keshan disease (viral cardiomyopathy), muscle weakness intoxication: loss of hair, nail abnormalities, nausea, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy zinc meat, liver, oysters, seafood, fortified cereals, peanuts, whole grains (Bioavailability varies plant sources) block of enzymes integrity of the skin, wound healing, growth deficiency: stunting and delayed puberty, hypogonadism, hypogeusia intoxication: microcytosis of red blood cells, neutropenia, immunodeficiency Recommendations for daily mineral intake category Age (years) or time period Chromium (mcg) of copper (mcg) Fluoride (mg) Iodine (mcg) iron (mg) manganese (mg) Molybdenum (mcg) Selenium (mcg) Zinc (mg) Recommended Dietary feeding infants from 0.0 to 0.6 0.2 200 NR 110 0.27 0.3 2 15 2 0,7-1,0 5.5 220 0,01-0,5 130 11 0.6 3 20 3 11 children 1-3 340 0.7 90 7 1.2 17 20 3 4-8 15 440 1 90 10 1.5 22 30 5 25 700 2 9-13 Men 120 8 1.9 34 40 8 14-18 35 890 3 150 11 2.2 43 55 11 19-30 35 900 4 150 8 2.3 45 55 11 31-50 35 900 4 150 8 2.3 45 55 11 51+ 30 900 4 150 8 2.3 45 55 11 Women 9-13 21 700 2 120 8 1.6 34 40 8 14-18 24 890 3 150 15 1.6 43 55 9 19-30 25 900 3 150 18 1.8 45 55 8 31-50 25 900 3 150 18 1.8 45 55 8 51+ 20 900 3 150 8 1.8 45 55 8 Pregnant 30 1000 3 220 27 2.0 50 60 11 Nursing women 45 1300 3 290 9 2.6 50 70 12 Upper Exposure Limit (UL) Infants <1 ND ND ND 40 ND ND 0.7-0.9 45-60 4-5 1-8 children ND 1000-3000 1,3-2,2 200-300 40 2-3 300-600 90-150 7-12 persons ? 9 ND 5000-10.000 10 600-1100 40-45 6-11 1100-2000 280-400 23-40 Note : The daily recommended Nährstoffzufu hr (Recommended Dietary Allowances, RDA) is shown in normal type. With the recommended daily nutrient intake, the nutritional requirements of 97-98% of the people can be met in a population. The adequate supply of nutrients "Adequate intakes" (AI) is in bold. For healthy children still adequate nutrient intake (AI) is the average intake. The AI ??values ??of other groups cover generally considered the needs of all persons in the respective group, an exact percentage can not be determined sufficiently substantiated due to lack of data. NR = not recommended (non recommended); ND = not estimated due to lack of data; the nutrient sources should be limited to food (not determinable). Adapted from: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC, National Academies Press, 2002, pp 772-773.